by Solomon Evro, Cooper R. Wade, Sara Vashaghian and Olusegun S. Tomomewo
Original Research
The status quo climate change forecast was analyzed using the ENROADS software and indicates that the net GHG emissions could reach about 90 gigatons of CO2 equivalent by 2100, and global temperatures could rise by 3.6°C. This projection will likely be worse even with moderate estimates. The factors used in the reported status quo forecasts are optimistic. From energy mix to population growth and the assumption that gas use could increase while oil declines, this scenario is limited by available gas reservoirs. There needs to be a more aggressive application of CCS to reach Net-Zero by 2050. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has been identified as the leading technology that could help reduce the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. At the same time, the search for non-fossil fuel energy sources continues. The amount of CO2 dilution in the air stream complicates the economics of direct air capture. This research proposes two international collaborative clusters for India. Due to India's growth and use of fossil energy sources, this is necessary to manage CO2 emissions from coal-fired plants. The results show that cluster-based CCS facilities possess great potential for the world to develop faster carbon capture and sequestration technology and deploy it faster. These cluster CCS systems will create economies of scale and integration necessary to make the CCS technology succeed to help reduce India's and global CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel-powered electricity generation. If CCS is deployed at the proposed scale, it will reduce atmospheric CO2 significantly, which would capture more than 250 times more than today's effort.
American Journal of Energy Research. 2023, 11(1), 38-55. DOI: 10.12691/ajer-11-1-5
Pub. Date: February 27, 2023
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by Cooper R. Wade and Olusegun S. Tomomewo
Original Research
The most common way to evaluate the flow of electricity in a wire is via a load flow analysis, however; there is another way to view this behavior utilizing the Quantum Movement Theory proposed and discussed herein. This theory evaluates the movement of the charge carrier, the electron, within a conductor to register a specific amount of current in an alternating current system. Historically, the understanding of electricity flow on the electric grid has been based upon the previously popular direct current system of the 1880’s. This research evaluates how electrons as both a particle and a wave move through conductors on the interconnected grid. Two mathematical applications comprising the; 1) volume of electrons moving in a conductor, and 2) the distance traveled by electrons in a conductor, are developed and explained within this article. The application of the equations and understandings contained herein can be applied to quantum mechanics within conductors on the modern electric grid comprised of alternating current equipment, as well as policy regulating such resources.
American Journal of Energy Research. 2023, 11(1), 31-37. DOI: 10.12691/ajer-11-1-4
Pub. Date: February 15, 2023
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by Alassane Diaw, Oumar A. Niasse, Nacire Mbengue and Bassirou Ba
Original Research
The decrease in the reflection of light on the lens is due to the porosity of the surface on a very thin thickness due to the refractive index became lower at 30 %. It is well known that the deposition of one or more layers of certain materials on the front face of the photovoltaic cells and optoelectronic devices such as lasers, diodes, reduces the reflection of the incident light, which improves the performance of the cells. Solar energy, whose efficiency varies around 60 %. In this study, the influence of the thickness of an antireflection layer, in this case SiO2, TiO2, MgF2, Si3N4, ZrO2 on the spectral response of the solar cell to silicon which passes up to about 90 % for a layer of MgF2/TiO2/Si whose refractive index values are respectively n = 1.3767 and n = 2.5742 quite far apart.
American Journal of Energy Research. 2023, 11(1), 27-30. DOI: 10.12691/ajer-11-1-3
Pub. Date: February 15, 2023
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by Solomon Evro, Cooper R. Wade and Olusegun S. Tomomewo
Original Research
Renewable energy generation is being used more than ever due to the increasing awareness of climate change. Solar energy has emerged as the fastest-growing energy technology alongside other renewable energy sources, such as wind energy. Although the United States developed photovoltaic solar cell technology and led the first wave of efficiency and cost improvements. In the following years, US companies could not dominate the market and lost their pioneering position. In this work, we reviewed some of the factors why some American companies found it difficult to survive in the solar PV market. It is necessary to review some of the factors that led to the demise of some of the American Solar PV companies, with the hope of identifying the significant issues that impacted these companies so that new entrant into the market will review their position and prepare adequately to counter these forces. This report uses minimum price concepts to assess the evolution of solar photovoltaic manufacturing costs and economic factors in recent years. This analysis shows three different periods of cost improvement corresponding to periods of oil price highs and lows. A model was developed to explain why some US companies find it challenging to compete and enter the market in the second period and used some of these companies as case studies. The model shows that rapidly declining costs are making technology and production equipment obsolete. US companies took long lead times to prove their technology, raise funding, obtain the necessary permits and set up production facilities.
American Journal of Energy Research. 2023, 11(1), 15-26. DOI: 10.12691/ajer-11-1-2
Pub. Date: February 05, 2023
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by Alec J. Ernst, Cooper R. Wade, David G. Dyer, Daniel K. Boakye Danquah and Olusegun S. Tomomewo
Original Research
Vehicles have become a necessity to modern life, with ICEVs continuing to dominate the industry. The vast infrastructure surrounding ICEVs allows for reliable transportation. Recently, priorities have shifted to climate change becoming a top agenda. At the same time electric vehicle technology has advanced to emerging into the market at a reasonable price, with increased safety and reliability. Limitations surrounding the deployment of EV technology at market scale, is the capability of the current infrastructure, technology, cost, and the end user assuming technology accountability without incentive. In this study, the impact on electric vehicle technology, the advancement of Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) batteries, and its impact on the grid will be analyzed for use in the United States at a large scale for grid readiness. Three key areas will be examined to bridge the gap between the current state of Li-ion battery EV technology and grid infrastructure and where this technology needs to meet future demand. These areas include understanding the driving factors for the need to change to e-mobility. The second is to identify and examine the roadmap linking Li-ion technology to grid design and recommendation for resolving the negative impact on grid infrastructure. The third is to evaluate the pathway forward in emerging Li-ion battery storage and technology to meet consumer needs. Results of this study show the benefits of transitioning the transportation market from ICEV to EV is considered favorable.
American Journal of Energy Research. 2023, 11(1), 1-14. DOI: 10.12691/ajer-11-1-1
Pub. Date: February 02, 2023
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